- Abstract：Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) have emerged as versatile platforms for sustainable polymer materials, where precise control over the dissociation/exchange kinetics of dynamic covalent bonds is essential for tuning their viscoelastic behaviors. Herein, we introduce a topology-preserving strategy to accelerate network relaxation by embedding slidable mechanically interlocked cross-links into vinylogous urethane-based CANs, yielding mechanically interlocked vitrimers (MIVs). The mechanically bonded junctions are constructed by incorporating kinetically stable acetoacetate-functionalized [2]pseudorotaxane cross-linkers through catalyst-free polymerization with diamines. Although exhibiting higher glass-transition temperatures than a control network with identical cross-linking density but fixed cross-links, the representative MIV-2 maintains comparable ductility while displaying greater toughness, indicating that the slidable cross-links effectively enhance chain sliding. At elevated temperatures, this chain sliding prominently accelerates stress relaxation in MIV-2, showing a substantial reduction in the apparent activation energy for vinylogous urethane exchange compared with the control (10.3 versus 21.2 kJ/mol). Unlike the control with fixed cross-links, the chain motion enabled by mechanical bonds enhances the diffusion of dynamic covalent moieties, thereby effectively promoting bond exchange throughout the network. Owing to the associative nature of vinylogous urethane exchange, the mechanically bonded cross-links remain topologically constrained on the polymer chains during relaxation. Consequently, the accelerated stress relaxation originates from mechanical-bond-mediated chain sliding rather than defect generation, clearly distinguishing MIVs from defect-mediated dual-dynamic CANs designs commonly employed to promote relaxation. These results disclose how the mechanically interlocked structures regulate chemical reactions in cross-linked polymer networks, establishing a novel strategy of topology-engineering guided structural design for smart multidynamic polymers.Keywords：Covalent adapable networks;Dynamic covalent bonds;Mechanically interlocked network;Synergistic effects;Stress relaxation15|2|0
Updated：2026-06-11 - Abstract：Semi-crystalline polymers can obtain a broad melting transition by copolymerization or blending and show a two-way shape memory effect (2W-SME) under stress-free conditions. However, intricate interactions between polymers are not easily controlled. It is still challenging for semi-crystalline polymers to obtain a two-way shape memory effect by broadening the melting transition. Here, we prepared polycaprolactone (PCL)-based cross-linked polyurethane by using malic acid as a side chain, thereby exploring the relationship between malic acid and the crystallinity of PCL or 2W-SME. The results showed that the incorporation of malic acid broadened the melting transition and improved the two-way shape memory behavior of the PCL-based cross-linked polyurethane. The influence of malic acid on the dynamic response mechanism of polyurethane was studied using in situ polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The investigation revealed that the malic acid side chain plays a dual role by adjusting the crystallization behavior and strengthening the hydrogen-bonding network in the two-way shape memory process. This work provides a versatile strategy for the structural design of two-way shape memory polymers.Keywords：Polyurethane;Two-way shape memory effect;Malic acid;Hydrogen bonding interaction;Crystallization4|1|0Updated：2026-06-11
- Abstract：Cancer immunotherapy, which harnesses the host immune system to combat cancer, has advanced into preclinical and clinical trials. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) usually promotes tumor angiogenesis and induces immune tolerance. Recently, polymeric nanomedicines with comprehensive regulation of the TME have attracted research interest. Compared with others, polymeric nanomedicines have outstanding characteristics, including facile preparation, improved tumor penetration, longer blood circulation, and better bioavailability. In particular, polymeric nanomedicines hold great potential for integrating combined treatments and imaging methods to concurrently modulate and trace the functional processes of multiple immune cells. This review summarizes the advances in polymeric nanomedicine-based strategies for TME regulation, including the regulation of TME stromal cells, the immune microenvironment matrix, and vasculature. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive polymeric nanomedicine-based theragnostic platforms integrated with imaging segments is briefly introduced.Keywords：Polymeric nanomedicines;TME regulation;Cocktail cancer immunotherapy;Theranostic nanoplatforms13|2|0Updated：2026-06-11
- Abstract：In this work, a novel polymeric fluorescent probe, chitosan grafting coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (CSC) was designed and synthesized by a one-step condensation in solution. The probe exhibited dual functionality, serving as a highly selective sensor for Fe3+ and demonstrating intrinsic antibacterial activity. Coumarin modification imparts unique morphological characteristics and enhances water solubility in chitosan. The CSC probe demonstrated blue fluorescence quenching upon Fe3+ addition, and the presence of multiple binding sites for Fe3+ on the chitosan chains endowed CSC with rapid recognition capability (within 30 s) and high sensitivity detection limit (2.58 μmol/L). The ultrafast and specific detection of Fe3+ was attributed to the dual-lock coordination cage formed between the abundant hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the carbonyl group of coumarin. Fluorescence quenching primarily originates from the fast formation of complexes via effective orbital overlap and excited-state electron transfer from the fluorophore to Fe3+. Its good photostability and acceptable reusability confirm its potential for practical and cost-effective sensing applications. The CSC probe was successfully applied for the quantitative detection of Fe3+ in real water samples and the study of effective antibacterial activity. This work presents a multifunctional platform that combines sensitive metal ion sensing with antimicrobial properties, which holds significant promise for environmental monitoring and biomedical applications.Keywords：Chitosan;Fluorescence quenching;Fe3+;Photoluminescence stability;Antibacterials6|0|0Updated：2026-06-11
- Abstract：Achieving long-term anti-fogging performance while maintaining high visible-light transmittance is of critical importance for transparent substrates. However, challenges remain in achieving satisfactory abrasion resistance and weatherability of anti-fogging coatings across different substrates. In this work, an organic-inorganic hybrid anti-fogging coating was developed by integrating a highly adhesive hydrophilic polymer resin with polyoxometalates (POMs). The hydroxyl groups along the polymer chains provide excellent adhesion, while the presence of hydrophilic ionic groups facilitates the rapid formation of a continuous water film upon exposure to water vapor. Moreover, the multiple protons carried by the POMs not only form interfacial bonding with the substrate to further enhance adhesion, but also form multiple hydrogen bonding interactions with the polymer chains to strengthen the coating's cohesion and reduce its surface roughness. As a result, the coating exhibits outstanding abrasion resistance, maintaining excellent anti-fogging performance even after 1200 abrasion cycles under a 500 g load. Furthermore, the strong UV absorption of POMs prevents photoaging of the polymer resin in outdoor environments, imparting remarkable weather resistance. After 240 h of accelerated UV aging (0.68 W/m2, 60 °C), the coating still delivers effective anti-fogging functionality. This study provides a generalizable strategy for designing environmentally friendly, long-lasting anti-fogging coatings with promising applications in glass, optical devices, and agricultural films.Keywords：Anti-fogging;Superhydrophilic;High abrasion resistance;High weatherability5|0|0Updated：2026-06-11
- Abstract：Molecular chain defect engineering is a pivotal strategy for tailoring the macroscopic properties of polymeric materials. However, establishing a definitive relationship between molecular-level defects and bulk material performance remains challenging, due to the difficulty in precisely controlling not only the molecular architecture but also the subsequent chain packing, which critically governs material performance. In this work, we demonstrate that introducing ethylene units as chain defects into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) enables precise modulation of the dichroism in iodine-doped PVA polarizers. This approach allows for concurrent control over the iodine-PVA complexation, the crystalline network and the mechanical properties. The dichroic behavior originates from the formation of oriented I3− and I5− species, with I3− absorbing between 400–520 nm and I5− between 520–780 nm. Therefore, optimizing optical performance—namely transmittance and polarization efficiency—requires careful tuning of the I3−/I5− ratio and their overall concentration. The incorporation of ethylene defects addresses this need through three synergistic effects: (1) It increases the I3−/I5− ratio by shortening the vinyl-alcohol sequence length in the amorphous regions, given that ethylene unit does not complex with iodine; (2) It reduces the overall crystallinity, as ethylene units are excluded from the crystalline domains; (3) It weakens intermolecular interactions (reflected by an increased Flory-Huggins parameter), which lowers the modulus but enhances drawability. This study illustrates how molecular-level defect engineering can be effectively translated into precise control over both chemical complexation and physical networks, thereby enabling the simultaneous manipulation of optical and mechanical properties in polymer materials.Keywords：Chain defect engineering;Iodine doped poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA);Polarizer;Molecule-material relation5|0|0Updated：2026-06-11
- Abstract：To address the brittleness of epoxy resin (EP) caused by high crosslinking density, the modification of epoxy resin with flexible rubber segments was proposed in this work. Bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (E51) was reacted with isocyanate-terminated groups via an addition reaction to prepare a prepolymer (E51-TDI). Subsequently, E51-TDI was grafted with hydroxyl-terminated fluororubber (HTFR) to synthesize a high-toughness fluorinated epoxy resin (E51-TDI-HTFR) with side chains. A mixture of E51-TDI-HTFR and curing agent (D230) was used to fabricate the coating. The chemical structure of the modified epoxy resin and the thermal, hydrophobic, mechanical, and cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings were investigated. When the HTFR concentration was 25%, the epoxy coating exhibited the best hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and cavitation resistance. The contact angle of the modified epoxy resin was increased to 110°. Meanwhile, the elongation at break increased to 46.40%, which was approximately four times that of the unmodified coatings. The fracture surface gradually became rougher as the HTFR content increased, indicating a ductile fracture characteristic. Although the addition of HTFR slightly reduced the glass transition temperature, it maintained good thermal stability. In addition, the cavitation erosion resistance of the epoxy coatings was enhanced. This study provides theoretical support for the development of high-toughness and hydrophobic epoxy coatings.Keywords：Epoxy resin;Hydroxyl-terminated fluororubber;Hydrophobicity;Mechanical properties;Cavitation erosion resistance5|0|0Updated：2026-06-11
- Abstract：The growing demand for higher operating frequencies, faster speeds, and greater power density in modern electronics has positioned embedded dielectric film capacitors as a key enabler of system miniaturization and enhanced reliability. However, such integration requires dielectric materials that exhibit both high intrinsic breakdown strength and superior high-temperature stability, a combination which is seldom achieved by conventional polymer dielectrics. In this work, we present a rationally designed rigid-flexible crosslinked network based on bismaleimide (BMI) that delivers robust performance under extreme electrical and thermal conditions. By co-curing a biphenyl epoxy (BPEP) resin with a 2,2-bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy)phenyl]propane (BMP)-based BMI matrix, a densely co-crosslinked network is formed. In this network, BPEP acts as a toughening agent that mitigates internal stress and inhibits micro-crack initiation, while its rigid biphenyl motifs cooperate with BMP to establish deeper charge traps, thereby effectively suppressing charge carrier excitation and transport. These synergistic mechanisms enable the optimized co-cured BMP/10%BPEP film to achieve a leakage current more than ten times lower than that of pristine BMP at 200 °C, along with a remarkable increase in breakdown strength from 509 MV/m to 615 MV/m and a rise in dielectric constant from 3.45 to 3.71. Consequently, the film exhibits an outstanding discharge energy density of 4.59 J/cm3 with 90% efficiency at 200 °C, as well as excellent cycling stability over 50000 charge-discharge cycles. This study offers a feasible material design strategy for high-performance polymer dielectrics suitable for embedded capacitors in advanced electronic packaging.Keywords：Embedded capacitors;Breakdown strength;High-temperature;Dielectric;Energy density27|1|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：To address the critical issue of volume expansion in silicon-based anode materials and enhance battery performance, a novel method for synthesizing microsized silicon carbonitride (SiCNO) ceramic particles was presented as a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. SiCNO ceramic microspheres were prepared via high-temperature pyrolysis of organopolysilazane microspheres (OPSZ MPs), which were synthesized via free radical polymerization of silazane oligomers initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The SiCNO microspheres, serve as the active materials in lithium-ion batteries anode, demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance with an initial discharge-specific capacity of 1663.3 mAh·g–1 and 622.9 mAh·g–1 after 400 cycles at 1 A·g–1. These microspheres exhibited superior structural stability during the lithiation and delithiation processes, with a volume expansion of 25.46% during cycling. The enhanced performance can be attributed to their regular spherical structures and larger specific surface area, which improve the ion/electron transport and stress distribution. This study highlights the potential of synthesizing and regulating the morphology of SiCNO particles to improve the performance of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, providing a balance between high electrochemical activity and structural stability.Keywords：Lithium-ion batteries;Silicon/Carbon composite anode;Micro-sized particles;Polysilazane12|0|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are central to clean energy technologies such as AEM water electrolysis, and clarifying how water binding and solvation govern ion transport and membrane swelling is critical to advancing their performance. Here, using a distorted, five-site branching agent, dispiro[fluorene-9,1’-3’-methylenecyclohexane-5’,9’’-fluorene] (SFCF), we report branched poly(terphenylene 3-piperidinium) membranes that combine strong water binding with efficient ion transport. Upon polymer branching, the membranes exhibit a higher fraction of bound water and increased local molecular mobility while absorbing only half as much water as the linear analog. As a result, the optimized B-iPTP-3 delivers a high conductivity of 186 mS·cm−1 at 80 °C with a low 56 wt% water uptake and less than 15% swelling. In addition, by isomeric piperidinium chemistry, the membrane shows excellent alkaline stability in 1 mol·L–1 aq. NaOH, with no degradation after a 2000-h soaking at 80 °C. An AEM water electrolyzer equipped with the branched membrane achieves a high current density of up to10.4 A·cm−2 at 2 V. Moreover, the electrolyzer can operates stably at 1.0 A·cm−2 for 1000 h with a voltage decay of 95 µV·h−1, without increased hydrogen crossover. This work highlights a branching-enabled design strategy for tuning water binding and solvation to realizing high performance, durable AEMs for clean energy devices.Keywords：Water electrolysis;Anion exchange membrane;Poly(terphenylene 3-piperidinium);Bound water;Alkaline stability9|0|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：The development of intrinsically flame-retardant, low-smoke, low-toxicity, and halogen-free polymers represents a critical challenge. In this study, bio-based daidzein was employed as a partial phenolic source, and a series of main-chain benzoxazine resins (Dz-Ph-ddm) was synthesized via Mannich condensation with phenol, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, and paraformaldehyde. The effects of daidzein content on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and char-forming behavior of cured resins were investigated. The results indicate that the rigid aromatic structure and benzopyranone unit of daidzein significantly promoted the formation of a dense and continuous char layer, achieving gas- and condensed-phase synergistic flame retardancy. With 20 mol% of daidzein addition, the resin exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 259.6 °C, the char yield at 800 °C increased by 42.5% compared to the control group, a UL-94 V-0 rating, and a 30.9% reduction in total heat release (THR) in cone calorimetry tests. The glass fiber-reinforced composite prepared using this resin as the matrix showed a 100.6% improvement in impact strength, with flexural and compressive strengths reaching 748.4 and 340.8 MPa, respectively. Moreover, it demonstrated good fire safety performance even in an 80 kPa low-pressure combustion environment. This work provides a facile strategy for the preparation of high-performance eco-friendly flame-retardant composites.Keywords：Benzoxazine;Daidzein;Intrinsic flame retardancy;Bio-based resin7|0|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：Polymer co-assembly provides a versatile route to hierarchical nanostructures, yet achieving precise structural control remains a significant challenge. In particular, understanding how topological differences in polymer building blocks influence co-assembly behavior is important for expanding the design of complex polymer materials. In this work, a co-assembly system of amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) and single chain polymer nanoparticles (SCPs) was designed to investigate the effect of topological variations. At certain SCP/BCP mass ratios, BCPs and SCPs co-assembled to form a hierarchical composite structure with vesicles growing on the surface of micelles, following a path-dependent stepwise co-assembly mechanism, where SCPs co-assembled with BCP to form core micelles and self-assembled into vesicles from the micelle surface into hierarchical micelle@vesicle (M@V) composite structure. The SCP/BCP mass ratio significantly influences the morphology and size of the M@V composite structure, and the strategy is applicable to copolymer systems with wide range of hydrophobic/hydrophilic volume ratios. This work provides new insights into topology-regulated polymer co-assembly and offers a useful strategy for the design of hierarchical and multifunctional polymer materials.Keywords：Block copolymers;Single chain polymer nanoparticles;Co-assembly;Micelle@vesicle20|1|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：Seaweed polysaccharide-based fibers featuring incomparable merits, such as green fabrication procedures and intrinsic functionalities, are promising sustainable alternatives to petrochemical fibers that threaten both the ecological environment and human health. However, achieving simultaneously high strength, toughness, and stability of seaweed polysaccharide fibers remains a long-standing challenge owing to their low crystallinity and ionic crosslinks. Herein, we report a stretch-mediated network engineering strategy to overcome this limitation. Anisotropic architectures composed of dual-crosslinked sodium alginate and chemically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) are prepared by pre-stretching. The highly ordered chemically crosslinked networks endow the fibers with high strength, and the anisotropic double networks prevent stress concentration and enable high toughness. The resultant fibers exhibit a tensile strength of 547.8 MPa, Young's modulus of 17.6 GPa, and toughness of 43.3 MJ/m3, surpassing most regenerated biomass fibers. Additionally, fibers with an anisotropic network exhibit good aqueous stability, guaranteeing their usage in diverse solution environments and potential applications in triboelectric textiles. This study demonstrates a general and scalable strategy to decouple the strength–toughness trade-off in polysaccharide fibers without sacrificing biodegradability, thereby providing new insights into the structural design of robust, stable, and sustainable biomass-based fibers.Keywords：Sodium alginate;Fiber;High-strength;High-toughness;Poly(vinyl alcohol)8|0|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：Conductive hydrogels, with their excellent flexibility and tunable electrical conductivity, have shown broad application prospects in emerging fields such as flexible strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). In this study, a conductive sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/ polypyrrole (PPy)/polyacrylamide (PAM)(CPA) hydrogel was developed by integrating a CMC/PPy composite, synthesized via in situ polymerization, into a hydrophobic-associated polyacrylamide network. This hydrogel exhibits excellent mechanical properties, with a tensile strain as high as 1735%, demonstrating extremely high ductility and deformation capacity. The flexible sensor based on CPA hydrogel has a wide detection range (0%−500%) and can monitor the movements of various parts of the human body. In addition, the TENG assembled based on CPA hydrogel achieves stable electrical output performance, enabling it to power small wearable electronic devices and promote self-powered signal transmission, showing broad application prospects in the fields of intelligent human-machine interaction and wearable electronics.Keywords：Conductive hydrogel;Strain sensor;Triboelectric nanogenerators5|0|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：Polyurethane (PU) holds promise as a matrix for electrorheological elastomers (EREs) because of its excellent mechanical properties; however, its high modulus often limits electrorheological (ER) efficiency. This study addresses this by tailoring the soft-segment architecture of PU to adjust its mechanical and dielectric properties, thus improving the ER response of the PU-based ERE. Dynamic covalent bonds have also been introduced to enable self-healing. Using poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), and polycaprolactone (PCL) as the soft segments, we fabricated EREs with 20 wt% TiO2. The resulting PPG-ERE exhibited an outstanding ER effect of 229.4% at 3 kV/mm, along with a high stretchability (1835% elongation) and tensile strength of 3.6 MPa. PTMG-ERE has the highest storage modulus of 1.43 MPa at 3 kV/mm and a relatively high tensile strength of up to 6.5 MPa, which is attributed to enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions among the regular PTMG segments. The PCL-ERE with the highest Young’s modulus resulted in the lowest ER efficiency of 48% because of its high crystallization tendency. The PPG-ERE also demonstrated efficient self-healing, recovering 79% of its mechanical strength after 12 h at room temperature. When applied in a capacitive pressure sensor, the PPG-ERE showed a fast response (220 ms) and recovery (90 ms), detecting forces as low as 3 N. This study provides a practical strategy for designing high-performance multifunctional EREs through soft-segment engineering and dynamic bonding.Keywords：Electrorheological elastomer;Polyurethane;Soft segment;Self-healing;Capacitive pressure sensor10|1|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：On-demand peelable adhesives represent a pivotal green chemistry research avenue; however, they confront a critical challenge in reconciling robust interfacial bonding strength with efficient peelability. Herein, a cohesion-adhesion synergy-guided molecular engineering strategy was developed to fabricate UV-curable adhesives with the integrated properties of superior bonding strength and hot water-triggered peelability. The adhesive was formulated with custom-synthesized difunctional polyurethane acrylate (PM1) as the crosslinker, which was blended with complementary acrylate monomers. PM1 constructed a robust yet adaptable crosslinking network to ensure high cohesive strength; its polytetrahydrofuran diol- and polyester diol-derived soft segments endowed the network with superior molecular chain mobility and stress dissipation capacity. Additionally, the incorporation and compositional optimization of polar acrylate monomers modulate the cohesive energy, surface wettability, and interfacial adhesion of the substrate, thus realizing synergistic enhancement of the cohesive and adhesive properties. Systematic experimental investigations and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to determine the structure-property relationships governing the composition, bonding performance, and mechanical properties of UV-curable adhesives. The optimized formulation achieved high shear strength (>5 MPa, glass substrates), excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength: 12.80 MPa, elongation at break: 313.70%), and good thermal stability (5 wt% weight-loss temperature > 240 °C). Notably, the developed adhesives realize rapid, complete, and residue-free debonding within 3 min of immersion in 60 °C water, where hydration-induced disruption of adhesive-substrate contact attenuates interfacial interactions. Additionally, the peeled adhesive can be recycled repeatedly after drying while retaining its excellent interfacial bonding performance. This study provides a versatile and scalable strategy for the rational design of high-performance functional adhesives, thereby paving the way for recycling electronic products and sustainable manufacturing.Keywords：Peelable adhesives;Polyurethane acrylate;Cohesion-adhesion synergy;Recyclable;Molecular dynamics simulations5|0|0Updated：2026-06-09
- Abstract：The regulation of interpenetration in three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) poses a fundamental challenge while offering a powerful means to engineer their pore environments. In this study, we demonstrate that the geometry and electronic character of linear linkers are decisive for achieving such control. Using a rigid, sterically extended 6-connected trigonal prismatic amine building block, we synthesized an isoreticular pair of acs-topology 3D COFs to compare the influence of a fully aromatic linker. The resulting frameworks, tris(trimethyl-bis-4-aminophenylphenyl)benzene (TTAPB)- terephthalaldehyde (TPA)-COF and TTAPB-C,C-diformyl-p-carborane (DFCB)-COF, exhibited dramatically different degrees of interpenetration, 6-fold and 2-fold, respectively. This contrast originates directly from the linker core; the planar π-conjugated TPA promotes dense, multifold interpenetration, whereas the globular, electron-deficient carborane introduces steric and electronic constraints that strongly limit network replication. Consequently, the difference in the interpenetration dictates the distinct porosity and gas adsorption behavior. By elucidating the structure-determining roles of monomer geometry and electronic properties, this work establishes a rational design principle for programming interpenetration and porosity in 3D extended frameworks.Keywords：Covalent organic frameworks;Porous polymer;acs Topology;Gas adsorption18|0|0Updated：2026-06-04
- Abstract：Azobenzene-containing polymers (azopolymers) exhibit photoinduced reversible solid-to-liquid transitions, enabling unique light-assisted nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Cis azopolymers possess sub-room-temperature glass transition temperatures (Tg), exhibiting liquid-like behavior for flow processing, while trans azopolymers feature above-room-temperature Tg values that enable solid-state shape fixation. Although many side-chain azopolymers demonstrate photoswitchable Tgs, conventional short-spacer derivatives show negligible switching in Tg as their cis isomers remain solid. This work overcomes this limitation in ethylene-spacer azopolymers through extended alkyl tails. We synthesized tailless (P0), n-butyl-tailed (P4), and n-decyl-tailed (P10) derivatives, revealing that only P10 exhibits a cis Tg near room temperature (22 °C) and an amplified ΔTg between its cis isomer and trans isomer. P10 with photoswitchable Tgs enables complete nanostructure replication as a nanoimprint lithography photoresist. This work demonstrates that long alkyl tails counteract short-spacer limitations, effectively reducing the Tg of cis azopolymers and establishing a design principle for nanoimprint photoresists with photoswitchable Tgs.Keywords：Azobenzene;Photoresponsive polymers;Photoisomerization;Glass transition;Nanoimprint19|0|0Updated：2026-06-04
- Abstract：Regulation of the microphase-separated structure is critical for high-performance thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs). To address the limitations of poor heat resistance and reliance on petrochemical resources in traditional TPUs, bio-based TPUs were engineered using rigid 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate and bio-based poly(trimethylene ether) glycol. The results demonstrate that microstructural evolution, hydrogen bonding network formation, and tailoring of macroscopic properties in TPUs can be realized by varying the hard segment content. Increasing the hard segment content enhanced microstructural ordering, boosting the tensile strength from 6.1 MPa to 22.6 MPa while maintaining an elongation at break above 600%. Crucially, the robust crystalline network enhanced thermal stability of the TPUs, resulting in a maximum 5% thermal deformation temperature of 230.2 °C for TPUs. This work elucidates the structure-property relationships governing microphase separation, empowering the rational design of bio-based materials with exceptional toughness and thermal resistance.Keywords：Thermoplastic polyurethane;1,4-Phenylene diisocyanate;Bio-based poly(trimethylene ether) glycol;Microphase separation;Hydrogen bonding9|2|0Updated：2026-06-04
- Abstract：Polyelectrolyte (PE) gels are widely used in fields ranging from controlled drug delivery to tissue engineering, owing to their stimuli-responsive swelling behavior. The electrostatic interactions within the gels play a crucial role in the physical mechanisms underlying this response. In this work, we investigate the salt-dependent swelling behavior and shear modulus of PE gels based on a cell model, which explicitly addresses the inter-monomer electrostatic interactions. Through free energy minimization and asymptotic analysis, we derive four distinct scaling regimes for the equilibrium swelling ratio and modulus as functions of salt concentration, covering both overlapping and non-overlapping electric double layers. Comparisons between polyelectrolyte gels with different cross-link densities and charge intensities are also presented.Keywords：Polyelectrolyte gels;Stimuli-responsive swelling behavior;Shear modulus;Electrostatic interactions8|0|0Updated：2026-06-04
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